BIBLIOGRAPHIES
The most complete bibliography of the subject of this volume is found in Justin Winsor, Narrative and Critical History of America (8 vols., 1888- 1889), VI., 68-112, 172-204, which may be used to advantage with his Reader's Handbook of the American Revolution, iy6i-1783 (1880). Of first-rate bibliographical value for the contemporary writings is Moses Coit Tyler, Literary History of the American Revolution (2 vols., 1897). For critical details may be consulted Joseph Sabin, Dictionary of Books Relating to America (20 vols., incomplete, 1868-1892). Similar aid may be gained from Isaiah Thomas, History of Printing in America (1874). Very helpful are J. N. Lamed, The Literature of American History, a Bibliographical Guide (1902); and Edward Channing and Albert Bushnell Hart, Guide to the Shidy of American History (1896). Much of the earlier material in C. H. Van Tyne, American Revolution (American Nation, IX.), is applicable to the subject of this volume.
George Bancroft, History of the United States (10 vols., to 1782, 1834-1874; 6 vols., to 1789, 1885), presents the most detailed account of the beginnings of the Revolution. The book is the result of vast research, but it is marred by the author's pro-American bias, his well-known faults of style, and his disregard of the ethics of quotation marks in the citation of documents. Except in the ten- volume edition, its value is further impaired by the failure to cite authorities. John Fiske, American Revolution (2 vols., 1892), has treated the subject in his usual charming manner; but he pays little attention to the causes. Richard Hildreth, History of the United States (6 vols., 1851-1856, revised ed., 1882), is accurate and just; but his style is dry and the analysis very faulty. The Scotch writer, James Grahame, History of the United States (2d ed., 4 vols., 1845), is a clear and forceful narrative, written from scanty source materials and under influence of extreme democratic sentiments. The period is likewise covered by John Marshall, History of the Colonies (1824); and Timothy Pitkin, Political and Civil History of the United States (2 vols., 1828), an accurate and judicial work containing valuable documents in the appendices.
A very able work from the patriotic point of view, drawn largely from the sources, is Richard Frothingham, Rise of the Republic of the United States (5th ed., 1890). James Albert Woodburn has written an excellent analysis of the Causes of the American Revolution (Johns Hopkins University Studies, X., No. 12); G. W. Greene, Historical View of the American Revolution (4th ed., 1876), has a chapter on the causes; and so has H. C. Lodge, Short History of the English Colonies of America (revised ed., 1902), who also gives a good account of social conditions in* 1765. The causes are also treated by H. C. Lodge, Story of the Revolution (2 vols., 1898); Mellen Chamberlain, "The Revolution Impending " (Justin Winsor, Narrative and Critical History, VI.), is a thoroughly critical and enlightening essay; and there is a very fair summary by Edward C. Porter, "The Beginnings of the Revolution" (Justin Winsor, Memorial History of Boston, III.). The origin of the revolutionary movement is clearly and vigorously traced by Harry Pratt Judson, The Growth of the American Nation (1895). The beginnings of the West are discussed in Edwin Erie Sparks, The Expansion of the American People (1900); and his Men Who Made the Nation (1901) contains lively and entertaining chapters on the period. The early Revolution is likewise treated by Woodrow Wilson, A History of the American People (5 vols., 1902) ; and by Sidney Howard Gay (and, nominally, W. C. Bryant), Popular History of the United States (4 vols., 1 878-1 881; 5 vols., enlarged by Noah Brooks, 1896).
COLONIAL AND STATE HISTORIES
New England Colonies. — Among the more important works on the particular colonies we have Alden Bradford, History of Massachusetts (3 vols., 1822-1829), one of the best early accounts, the material for the early Revolution being drawn largely from the same author's State Papers; John Stetson Barry, History of Massachusetts (3 vols., 1855-1857); and Harry A. Cushing, Transition from Province to Commonwealth Government in Massachusetts {Columbia College Studies, VII., 1896), a thoroughly scientific study from the sources. The period is treated in a trustworthy manner in the second volume of Jeremy Belknap, History of New Hampshire (3 vols., 2d ed., 181 3); Gideon Hiram Hollister, History of Connecticut (2 vols., 1857); Alexander Johnston, Connecticut (1887); Samuel Greene Arnold, History of Rhode Island (4th ed., 2 vols., 1894), a work of extraordinary merit; and Frank Greene Bates, Rhode Island and the Formation of the Union {Columbia College Studies, X., 1898), a painstaking monograph.
Middle Colonies. — A good account is contained in the second volume of Ellis H. Roberts, New York (1887). Important also are Carl Becker, "Nominations in Colonial New York," in American Historical Review, VI., 260; "Growth of Revolutionary Parties and Methods in New York Province, 176 5- 1774," in ibid., VII., 56; and Charles H. Levermore, "The Whigs in Colonial New York," in ibid., I., 238. A very scholarly work is Isaac Sharpless, A History of Quaker Government in Pennsylvania (2 vols., 1898-1899). There are careful monographs by Charles H. Lincoln, The Revolutionary Movement in Pennsylvania {Publications of the University of Pennsylvania, 1901); and William Robert Shepherd, History of the Proprietary Government in Pennsylvania {Columbia College Studies, VI., 1896). On some points, Thomas F. Gordon, History of Pennsylvania (1829), may still be used with profit. See also the entertaining book of Sydney George Fisher, Pennsylvania (1897).
Southern Colonies. — J. T. Scharf, History of Maryland (3 vols., 1879), contains many original documents, some of them inaccurately copied. William Hand Browne, Maryland (1884), devotes several interesting chapters to the period. There is a helpful study by John Archer Silver, The Provisional Government of Maryland, Johns Hopkins University Studies, XIII., No. 10); one by B. C. Steiner, Western Maryland in the Revolution {ibid., XX., No. 1); and an excellent monograph by Newton D. Mereness, Maryland as a Proprietary Province (1901). For Virginia, the best work is Charles Campbell, History of the Colony of Virginia (1859). There is much of value in William Meade, Old Churches, Ministers, and Families of Virginia (2 vols., 1857); John Daly Burk, History of Virginia (3 vols., 1804-1805), coming down to 1776; and the second volume of Robert R. Howison, History of Virginia (1848), deals with the Revolution. For North Carolina, besides Francis Xavier Martin, History of North Carolina (2 vols., 1829), and John W. Moore, History of North Carolina (2 vols., 1880), we have J. S. Jones, Defence of the Revolutionary History of North Carolina (1834); Enoch Walter Sikes, Transition of North Carolina from Colony to Commonwealth Johns Hopkins University Studies, XVI., Nos. 10, 11); and Charles Lee Raper, North Carolina: A Study in English Colonial Government (1904), a sound discussion based on the colonial records. All the early histories of South Carolina are superseded by the admirable work of Edward McCrady, South Carolina Under the Royal Government, 171Q-1776 (1899); and W. Roy Smith, South Carolina as a Royal Province (1903). Consult also D. D. Wallace, Constitutional History of South Carolina (1899); J. B. O. Landrum, Colonial and Revolutionary History of Upper South Carolina (1897); and William A. Schaper, Sectionalism and Representation in South Carolina (American Historical Association, Report, 1900, I.). For Georgia there are two good works, each derived from the original documents. The second volume of Charles Colcock Jones, History of Georgia (2 vols., 1883), is devoted mainly to the Revolution; and that epoch is well treated in the second volume of William Bacon Stevens, History of Georgia (2 vols., 1847-1859).
Discussion of the general authorities on the separate colonies will also be found in the Critical Essay on Authorities, in Lyon G. Tyler, England in America, Charles M. Andrews, Colonial Self -Government; Evarts B. Greene, Provincial America {American Nation, IV., V., VI.).
SECONDARY ENGLISH WORKS
An impartial discussion of the Revolution is that of William E. H. Lecky, History of England in the Eighteenth Century (8 vols., 1878-1890), III., chap, xii, passim, although he lays too much stress on alleged personal influences among the colonists. This part of Lecky's work has been separately edited by James Albert Woodburn under the title of The American Revolution, 1763-1783 (1898). Sir George Otto Trevelyan, The American Revolution (3 vols., 1899-1903), is in full sympathy with the American side and brings out more clearly than does any other writer the moral and social causes of the movement. In a scientific spirit John A. Doyle has written a chapter, The Quarrel with Great Britain, 1761-1776 {The Cambridge Modern History, VII., 1903). Among the older British writers the Tory bias of Lord Mahon (P. E. Stanhope), History of England, 1713-1783 (3d ed., 7 vols., 1853-1854); and John Adolphus, History of England, 1760-1820 (7 vols., 1840-1845); may be balanced by the Whig sentiment of W. N. Massey, History of England during the Reign of George III. (4 vols., 1855-1863).
AMERICAN COLLECTIONS OF SOURCES
A very convenient collection of original documents of every sort, for both America and Great Britain, is Peter Force, American Archives (fourth and fifth series, 9 vols., 1837-1853), but it is carelessly printed and should be used with caution. Valuable material is likewise contained in Hezekiah Niles, Principles and Acts of the Revolution (reprint, 1876); Daniel R. Goodloe, Birth of the Republic (1889); Frank Moore, Diary of the American Revolution from Newspapers and Original Documents (1863); R. W. Gibbes, Documentary History of the American Revolution, 1764-1776 (1855); John Durand, New Materials for the History of the American Revolution (1889), drawn from the French archives; William MacDonald, Select Charters and Other Documents Illustrative of American History, 1606-1775 (1899); Albert Bushnell Hart, American History Told by Contemporaries (4 vols., 1897-1901), II., §§ 130-169. French observation of America, 1763-1775, is dealt with by Henry Doniol, Histoire de la participation de la France a V etablisscmcnt des Etats-Unis d'AmSrique (5 vols., 1886-1899); and a work of unique value for the discussion of many special questions is George Chalmers, Opinions of Eminent Lawyers, on Various Points of English Jurisprudence, Chiefly Concerning the Colonies, Fisheries, and Commerce of Great Britain (2 vols., 1814; American ed., 1858).
Highly important for Massachusetts are Alden Bradford, Speeches of the Governors ... from 1765-1775, and the Answers of the House of Representatives (181 8), cited as Bradford, Mass. State Papers; and John Almon, Collection of Interesting and Authentic Papers Relating to the Dispute between Great Britain and America, 1764-1775 (1777), cited as Almon, Prior Documents. These papers are supplemented by Governor Thomas Hutchinson, Diary and Letters (2 vols., 1883-1886); and by Governor Francis Bernard, Select Letters (1774). Similar collections are Gertrude Selwin Kimball, Correspondence of tlte Governors of Rhode Island, 1723-1775 (2 vols., 1902-1903); for Maryland, W. H. Browne, Correspondence of Governor Horatio Sharpe (3 vols., 1888-1895); and for New York, the Colden Papers, in the New York Historical Society, Collections, Fund Series (29 vols., 1868-1897), IX., X.
COLONIAL AND STATE PUBLICATIONS
First among the sources are the various collections of laws, legislative records, state papers, and official correspondence. The most important are: Journals of the Honourable House of Representatives of the Massachusetts Bay (1723-1778); Journal of the General Assembly of New York, 1691-1765 (2 vols., 1764-1766); ibid., 1766-1776 (1820); Votes and Proceedings of the House of Representatives of the Province of Pennsylvania (6 vols., 1752-1776); New Hampshire Provincial, Town, and State Papers (12 vols., 1867-1883); Records of the Colony of Connecticut, 1636-1776 (15 vols., 1850-1890), XI.-XV.; Records of the Colony of Rhode Island (10 vols., 1856-1865), VI., VII.; Documents Relating to the Colonial History of New York (13 vols, and index, 1856-1883), VII., VIII., X.; Documents Relating to the Colony of New Jersey (22 vols, and index, 1880-1900), VIII.-X., XVII., XVIII., cited as New Jersey Archives; A Selection of Pennsylvania Archives, three series (31 vols., 1852-1895); Colonial Records of Pennsylvania (16 vols., 1838-1852); W. W. Hening, Statutes at Large of Virginia (13 vols., 1809-1823), VII.-IX., passim; Colonial Records of North Carolina (10 vols., 1886-1890), VI. -X. The Journals of the Virginia house of burgesses are of the highest value; but they are extremely scarce, no library in the country having a complete set: consult the bibliography by J. Franklin Jameson, in American Historical Association, Report, 1897, pp. 432-437. See also the Proceedings of the Conventions of Maryland, 1774-1776 (1836).
BRITISH OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS
For Great Britain the Cobbett-Hansard, Parliamentary History, XV -XVIII.; Sir H. Cavendish, Debates of the House of Commons, 1768-1771 (3 vols., 1841-1843); Journal of the House of Commons, XXIX.-XXXVI.; Journal of the House of Lords, XXX.-XXXV.; Protests of the Lords (3 vols., edited by J. E. T. Rogers, 1875; or to 1767, edited by John Almon, 1767); Calendar of Home Office Papers, 1760-1775 (3 vols., 1878-1899); Statutes at Large (109 vols., 1762-1866), are of course indispensable.
WORKS OF AMERICAN STATESMEN
Most important among the papers of the chief actors of the impending revolution are Benjamin Franklin, Works (10 vols., edited by Jared Sparks, 1840; or 10 vols., edited by John Bigelow, 1887-1888); John Adams, Works (10 vols., edited by Charles Francis Adams, 1850-1856); George Washington, Writings (14 vols., edited by W. C. Ford, 1889-1893); Alexander Hamilton, Works (9 vols., edited by Henry Cabot Lodge, 1885-1886); John Dickinson, Writings (3 vols., edited by P. L. Ford, 1895); or the edition of his Political Writings (1801); Thomas Jefferson, Writings (10 vols., edited by P. L. Ford, 1892-1899); Stephen Hopkins, Rights (1764); and Samuel Adams, Writings, edited by Harry Alonzo Cushing (1 vol. pub. 1904). See also the Familiar Letters of John Adams and His Wife (edited by Charles Francis Adams, 1876); Francis Hopkinson, Miscellaneous Essays and Occasional Writings (3 vols., 1792); William Eddis, Letters from America, 1769-1777 (1792); Theodoric Bland, Papers (2 vols., edited by Charles Campbell, 1840-1843); Kate Mason Rowland, Life of George Mason, 1725-1792 (2 vols., 1892); William Wirt Henry, Patrick Henry: Life, Correspondence, and Speeches (3 vols., 1891); Josiah Quincy, Memoirs of Josiah Quincy, Junior, 1744-1775 (1825, 1874), containing Quincy's "Journal" and much other contemporary matter.
WORKS OF BRITISH STATESMEN
There is a wealth of similar materials for Great Britain. Of most service are Edmund Burke, Works (4th ed., 12 vols., 1871); Chatham Correspondence (4 vols., edited by W. S. Taylor, 1838); William Pitt, Speeches (new ed., 1848); supplemented by John Almon, Anecdotes of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham (7th ed., 3 vols., 1810); and by Francis Thackeray, Chatham (2 vols., 1827); Grenville Papers (4 vols., edited by W. J. Smith, 1853); Memoirs of the Marquis of Rockingham (2 vols., edited by G. T. Keppel, Earl of Albemarle, 1852); John Russell, Bedford Correspondence (3 vols., 1846); and W. B. Donne, Correspondence of George III. with Lord North, 1768-1783 (2 vols., 1867). The Reports of the Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts contain many documents on the period, and their use is facilitated by the index in the American Historical Association, Report, 1898, pp. 611 et seq.
Much light is thrown on English social and political conditions by Horace Walpole, Memoirs of the Court of George II. (2d ed., 3 vols., 1847); Memoirs of the Court of George III. (4 vols., 1845; new ed., 3 vols., 1894); Letters (9 vols., edited by Peter Cunningham, 1857); Henry B. Wheatley, Memoirs of Wraxall, 1772-1784 (1784); Letters of Junius (2 vols., edited by Woodfall, 1882); John Wilkes, North Briton (author's revised ed., 1766); James Earl Waldegrave, Memoirs , 1754-1758 (1821); George Bubb Doddington, Diary, 1748-1761 (1784).
CONTEMPORARY NARRATIVES
Among the historical accounts produced by persons who lived during or near the events which they describe are: G. R. Minot, History of Massachusetts, 1748-1765 (2 vols., 1798-1803), giving the patriotic view; Abiel Holmes, Annals (2 vols., 1805); Mercy Warren (sister of James Otis), History of the American Revolution (3 vols., 1805), whose book is supplemented by her letters to John Adams, in Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, 5th series, IV., 315-511; and the remarkably fair and accurate History of the Province of Massachusetts Bay (3 vols., 1795-1828), by Governor Thomas Hutchinson, the foremost loyalist in America. Consult also William Moultrie, Memoirs of the American Revolution, so Far as It Related to North and Sovith Carolina and Georgia (2 vols., 1802), in part based on personal observations; David Ramsay, History of the Revolution of South Carolina (2 vols., 1785); John Drayton, Memoirs of the American Revolution (2 vols., 1821), relating to the same province; and Thomas Jones, History of New York in the Revolutionary War (2 vols., edited by E. F. de Lancey, 1879), a loyalist account written in England after the peace. It should be read with H. P. Johnston's critical Observations (1880). Of constant service is the Anmial Register (beginning in 1759), much of the matter relating to American affairs probably being written by Edmund Burke, one of its founders. From it in part were compiled David Ramsay, History of the American Revolution (2 vols., 1791); and William Gordon, History of the Rise, Progress, and Establishment of the Independence of the United States (4 vols., 1788). These should be read in the light of the criticism by Orrin Grant Libby, "Ramsay as a Plagiarist," in American Historical Review, VII., 697; and Critical Examination of Gordon's History of the American Revolution (American Historical Association. Report, 1899, I., 365). In the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters, Transactions, XIII., 419, this writer has proved that largely from the same source, directly or indirectly, were taken five other early histories of the period.
CONTROVERSIAL WORKS
On each side of the sea the Revolution produced a vast number of controversial pamphlets, most of which relate to particular episodes. Some of them are more general; for example, Governor Thomas Pownall, Administration of the Colonies (1764); A Memorial to the Sovereigns of Europe on the State of Affairs between the Old and the New World (1780), being a forecast of the future republic; William Griffith, Historical Notes of the Ainerican Colonies and the Revolution, 1754-1775; the anonymous Rights of Great Britain Asserted against the Claims of America (1776), of which Lord George Germain is believed to have been in part author; Richard Price, Observations on the Nature of Civil Liberty ... and the Justice and Policy of the War with America (1776), being a plea for conciliation; J. Roebuck, Enquiry whether the Guilt of the Present Civil War in America Ought to be Imputed to Great Britain or America (1776).
POETICAL MATERIAL
Contemporary sentiment is reflected in Philip Freneau, Poems (1786; or F. L. Pattee's ed., 1902); Frank Moore, Songs and Ballads of the American Revolution (1856); Illustrated Ballad History of the American Revolution, 1765-1783 (1876); John Trumbull, M'Fingal: A Modern Epic Poem (1782; edited by B. J. Lossing, 1864); Poetical Works (1820); Winthrop Sargent, Loyalist Poetry of the Revolution (1857); G. L. Raymond, Ballads of the Revolution (1887).
AMERICAN CONDITIONS
The condition of the colonies before and at the commencement of the period may be studied in Andrew Burnaby, Travels through the Middle Settlements, 175Q-1760 (2d ed., 1775); Edmund Burke, An Account of European Settlements in America (1760); and George Chalmers, An Introduction to the History of the Revolt of the American Colonies (1845). See also John Almon, A Collection of Tracts ... on the Subject of Taxing the American Colonies (1773) and his Charters of the British Colonies (1775). For samples of contemporary political sermons, see John Wingate Thornton, Pidpit of the American Revolution (2d ed., 1876).
THE LOYALISTS IN THE PRELIMINARY PERIOD
The fairest treatment of the loyalists in the impending revolution is given by Moses Coit Tyler, "The Party of the Loyalists in the American Revolution," in American Historical Review, I.; and Literary History of the American Revolution, I. For New York there is an excellent monograph by Alexander Clarence Flick, Loyalism in New York during the American Revolution {Columbia College Studies, XIV., 1901). There is also a helpful study by G. A. Gilbert, "Connecticut Loyalists," in American Historical Review, IV., 273-291. The best general treatise is Claude Halstead Van Tyne, Loyalists in the American Revolution (1902), or his American Revolution (American Nation, IX.) The older works of Lorenzo Sabine, Biographical Sketches of Loyalists of the American Revolution (2 vols., 1864); and Egerton Ryerson, Loyalists of America and Their Times (2d ed., 2 vols., 1880), should be used with caution as the investigation is often superficial. For the argument of the loyalists consult the literature analyzed by Moses Coit Tyler, Literary History of the American Revolution, I., and the materials in A. B. Hart, Contemporaries, II., Nos. 138, 154, 156-158, 166-169.
THE AMERICAN EPISCOPATE
Mellen Chamberlain, John Adams the Statesman of the American Revolution (1884), holds that the attempt to set up the Anglican episcopate in the colonies was an important cause of their separation from the parent state. He relies especially upon John Adams, Works, X., 185, and Jonathan Boucher, View of the Causes and Consequences of the American Revolution (1797), 150. The authority on the subject is Arthur Lyon Cross, The Anglican Episcopate and the American Colonies (Harvard Historical Studies, IX., 1902), who cites the entire literature. Important for the discussion are W. S. Perry, History of the American Episcopal Church (2 vols., 1885); S. E. Baldwin, The Jurisdiction of the Bishop of London (American Antiquarian Society, Proceedings, new series, XIII., 179-221); C. C. Tiffany, History of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States (1895), 266-286; Hawks, Efforts to Obtain a Colonial Episcopate before the Revolution (Protestant Episcopal Historical Society, Collections, I., 136-157); Contributions to American Church History (2 vols., 1836-1839).
THE EARLY WEST
The Draper MSS. in the library of the Wisconsin Historical Society are indispensable for a thorough history of early Kentucky and Tennessee. The best accounts of the institutional beginnings are George Henry Alden, New Governments West of the Alleghanies before 1780 (Wisconsin Historical Society, Bulletins, II.), and Frederick J. Turner, "Western State-Making in the Revolutionary Era," in American Historical Review, I., 251. Of great value is the magnificent work of George W. Ranck, Boonesborough, supplemented by J. M. Brown, Political Beginnings of Kentucky, and R. T. Durrett, The State of Kentucky (all in Filson Club, Publications, VI., VII., XVI., 1890-1901). J. G. M. Ramsey, Annals of Tennessee (1853); J. Phelan, History of Tennessee (1888); N. S. Shaler, Kentucky (1885); Lewis Collins, History of Kentucky (revised ed., 2 vols., 1874); M. Butler, History of the Commonwealth of Kentucky (1834); R. G. Thwaites, Daniel Boone (1902); Justin Winsor, The Mississippi Basin (1895); The Westward Movement (1897); Theodore Roosevelt, The Winning of the West (4 vols., 1889-1896), are all of service. The proceedings of the Transylvania convention are in Force, American Archives, 4th series, IV., as well as in the works of Collins and Ranck above mentioned. The original documents relating to the Regulators in North Carolina are in North Carolina Colonial Records, VII.-IX. The best monograph on the subject is that of John S. Bassett, Regulators of North Carolina (American Historical Association, Report, 1894, pp. 141-212).
ECONOMIC CONDITIONS
The significance of the molasses act and the sugar act as affecting the West India trade is emphasized by George Louis Beer, Commercial Policy of England toward the American Colonies {Columbia College Studies, III., No. 2), 107, 148; by Mellen Chamberlain, in Justin Winsor, Narrative and Critical History, VI., 24-26,63; and by W. B. Weeden, Economic and Social History of New England (2 vols., 1894) ,11. ,745-768. Earlier evidence is given by Daniel Defoe, A Plan for the English Commerce (1741); Governor Francis Bernard, Select Letters (1774), 6, 7, 9—11; Joshua Gee, Trade and Navigation (3d ed., 1731), 72; Governor Thomas Pownall, Administration of the Colonies (2d ed.. 1765), 5, 6; and especially by G. R. Minot, History of Massachusetts, II., 140, 146-148, 164-166. The effect of the sugar act in Massachusetts is described by Governor Thomas Hutchinson, History of Massachusetts Bay, 104, and by Richard Frothingham, Rise of the Republic, 162. At this time appeared James Otis, Rights of the British Colonics (1764), and several other important pamphlets noticed in the text. The literature of the period is discussed by Moses Coit Tyler, Literary History of the American Revolution, I., 4) et seq.
On the restrictive system the best monograph is George Louis Beer, The Commercial Policy of England toward the American Colonies (Columbia College Studies, III., No. 2). We have also the excellent study of Eleanor Louisa Lord, Industrial Experiments in the British Colonies (Johns Hopkins University Studies, extra volume XVII.); Edward Channing, The Navigation Laws (American Antiquarian Society, Proceedings, 1890); W. J. Ashley, "England and America, 1660-1760, in his Surveys Historical and Economic (1900), criticising the popular view as to the oppressive character of the acts of navigation and trade. On the old colonial system, see also J. R. Seeley, The Expansion of England (1883); Lord Sheffield, Observations on the Commerce of the American States (1783); and the authorities cited in chap. iii. of the text. Consult especially Charles McLean Andrews, Colonial Self-Government (American Nation, V.), chap. i.; Evarts B. Greene, Provincial America (American Nation, VI.).
SPIRIT OF INDEPENDENCE BEFORE 1763
Before the conquest of Canada the dread of the French power felt by the English colonists is expressed by Jeremiah Dummer, Letter to a Noble Lord (1709); and in 1731 by Lieutenant - Governor Wentworth, in New Hampshire Historical Society, Collections, I., 227-230. The alleged advantage to England of leaving Canada in French hands is mentioned by Peter Kalm, Travels in America (1770), I., 262-265. The surrender of the conquered province is opposed by William Pulteney, Letter to Two Great Men (1760); it was favored by William Burke, Remarks on the Letter Addressed to Two Great Men (1760); who is answered by Benjamin Franklin, The Interest of Great Britain Considered (1760; also in Works, Bigelow's ed., III., 83). See also Evarts B. Greene, Provincial America {American Nation, VI.) » chaps, xi., xii.
EARLY PLANS OF UNION
The rise of a sentiment of union before the French war is discussed by Frothingham, Rise of the Republic, 101-157. Penn's plan is in Documents Relating to the Colonial History of New York, IV., 296; that of Franklin in his Works (Bigelow's ed.), II., 355-375; or in Documents Relating to the Colonial History of New York, VI., 889. There are other plans in American History Leaflets, No. 14. The effect of the strife with the governors and the clamor for taxation is shown by Bancroft, United States (ed. of 1885), II.; William Black, Maryland's Attitude in the Struggle for Canada {Johns Hopkins University Studies, X., No. 7); and Hubert Hall, "Chatham's Colonial Policy," in American Historical Review, V.
RESULTS OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR
On the general results of the war see John Adams, Works, II. , 23; William E. H. Lecky, England, III., 290; Bancroft, United States (ed. of 1885), II.; Woodburn, Causes of the American Revolution {Johns Hopkins University Studies, X., No. 12, p. 557). On the population of the colonies consult Andrew Burnaby, Travels (2d ed., 1775), 76, 133, 134; F. B. Dexter, "Estimates of Population," in American Antiquarian Society, Proceedings, 1887; Bancroft, United States (ed. of 1885), II., 290; Lodge, Short History, 456; Judson, Growth of the American Nation, 55. See also R. G. Thwaites, France in America {American Nation, VII.), chaps, xvii., xix.
BRITISH POLITICAL CONDITIONS
The fullest discussion of political conditions under George III. is contained in T. E. May, Constitutional History of England (2 vols., 1880, 1899). For statistics relating to parliamentary representation, F. H. B. Oldfield, Representative History (6 vols., 181 6), is indispensable. The best general accounts of the reign may be found in William E. H. Lecky, England in the Eighteenth Century; John Richard Green, History of the English People (4 vols., 1880), IV.; and Sir George Otto Trevelyan, American Revolution, I. These may be supplemented by the older works of Adolphus, Mahon, and Massey. The principal sources are cited in the text, chap. ii.
WRITS OF ASSISTANCE AND PARSON'S CAUSE
John Adams's notes on James Otis's speech in the case of Paxton are contained in his Works, II., 521-523. This is somewhat extended in G. R. Minot, History of Massachusetts II., 87-99; m William Tudor, James Otis, 62 et seq.; in the copy by Israel Keith, in Quincy's Reports, 479-482; and supplemented by Adams's untrustworthy recollections in his letters to William Tudor, in his Works, X. Horace Gray, Writs of Assistance, in Quincy, Reports, is a masterly investigation of the subject from the sources. There is a good account of the speech in Moses Coit Tyler, Literary History of the American Revolution, I., 30 et seq.; and notices may be found in many of the histories of the period. The assertion of William E. H. Lecky, England, III., 328, that in England "cases of revenue fraud" might be tried in the admiralty court without a jury is not sustained by the evidence: see, for example, William Bunbury, Reports of Cases in the Court of Exchequer (1755), 236; Edward Coke, Fourth Institute (ed. of 1797), 134-146; especially James Kent, Commentaries (ed. of 1891), I., 375—378, and the cases there cited.
The early life of Patrick Henry and his speech in the Parson's Cause are treated by Moses Coit Tyler, Patrick Henry (1893); and by William Wirt Henry, Patrick Henry (3 vols., 1891), I. The Life by William Wirt (1818) is fascinating but uncritical. The report of Rev. James Maury, plaintiff in the suit, is given by Ann Maury, Memoirs of a Huguenot Family (1872). Many of the original documents in the controversy may be found in W. S. Perry, Historical Collections Relating to the American Colonial Church (3 vols., 1870), I. In general consult Charles Campbell, History of the Colony and Ancient Dominion of Virginia (1859); William Meade, Old Churches, Ministers, and Families of Virginia (1887); Andrew Burnaby, Travels through the Middle Settlements (1759-1760) ; Richard Bland, Letter to the Clergy (1760); and the other authorities cited in the text.
THE STAMP ACT AND ITS REPEAL
The debates on the Stamp Act in its three stages are in part recorded in Cobbett-Hansard, Parliamentary History, XVI.; and the best account of the resistance in America is given by Richard Frothingham, Rise of the Republic, 158-200. Bancroft's treatment is very full; Lecky has an enlightening discussion; and Hutchinson is helpful throughout the controversy. Among the more important writings called out by the contest are John Dickinson, The Late Regulations (1765); Daniel Dulany, Considerations on the Propriety of Imposing Taxes (1765); Stephen Hopkins, The Rights of the Colonies Examined (1764); on the British side, Martin Howard, Letters from a Gentleman at Halifax (1765) ; Soame Jenyns, Objections to the Taxation of Our Colonies (1765); and George Grenville, Regulations Lately Made Concerning the Colonies (1765). Franklin's examination is in his Works (Bigelow's ed.), III., 409-450; and the proceedings of the Stamp-Act congress are in Hezekiah Niles, Principles and Acts of the American Revolution; and John Almon, Prior Documents.
TOWNSHEND ACTS
For the colonies the best account of the period of the Townshend acts and the royal orders, 1 767-1773, is Richard Frothingham, Rise of the Republic, 201-293. The proceedings in Parliament are in Cobbett-Hansard, Parliamentary History, XVI., and Cavendish, Debates of the House of Commons, I. For Massachusetts, Alden Bradfold, State Papers, and Thomas Hutchinson, History of Massachusetts Bay, are in constant requisition. Lecky's account of the Boston "massacre" is just; while Bancroft is prejudiced in the extreme. On this episode see Short Narrative of the Horrid-Massacre in Boston (1770); A Fair Account (1770); Frederick Kidder, History of the Boston Massacre (1870); and Richard Frothingham, "Sam Adams Regiments," in Atlantic Monthly, IX., 201, X., 179, XII., 595. J. R. Bartlett, History of the Destruction of the Gas pee (1861), or the same in Rlwde Island Colonial Records, VII., 57-192, gives the original papers in this affair. E. D. Collins, in American Historical Association, Report, 1901, I., 243-271, discusses the committees of correspondence; there is an excellent study by J. Franklin Jameson, "Origin of the Standing Committee System in American Legislative Bodies," in Political Science Quarterly, IX.; and a careful monograph by Agnes Hunt, The Provincial Committees of Safety of the American Revolution (1904).
COERCION
Max Farrand, "The Taxation of Tea, 1767-1773," in American Historical Review, III., 266-269, clears up some popular errors regarding the tea acts. Justin Winsor, Narrative and Critical History, VI., 90-96, gives a bibliography of the tea incident and the port bill. The documents relating to the relief of Boston are in Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, 4th series, IV. The episode of the Hutchinson letters is discussed by Benjamin Franklin, Works (Sparks's ed.), IV., 405-455, and in Peter Orlando Hutchinson, Diary and Letters of Thomas Hutchinson (2 vols., 1883-1886). See also J. K. Hosmer, Samuel Adams (1893); J. T. Morse, Franklin (1892); Sir George Otto Trevelyan, American Revolution (3 vols., 1899-1903), I.; John Bigelow, Life of Franklin (3 vols., 1874); and Copy of Letters sent to Great Britain, by his Excellency Thomas Hutchinson, the Hon. Andrew Oliver, and several other Persons, Born and Educated Among Us (Boston, 1773).
Victor Coffin, The Province of Quebec and the Early American Revolution (University of Wisconsin, Bulletins, I., No. 3, 1896), gives the best account of the Quebec act. See also his Quebec Act and the American Revolution (American Historical Association, Report, 1894); his paper in Yale Review, August, 1895; and Justin Winsor, "Virginia and the Quebec Act," in American Historical Review, I., 436-442. The proceedings of the first and second Continental congresses are in Journals of the American Congress (4 vols., 1823). The proceedings of the congress of 1774 and those of the provincial congress of Massachusetts may also be found in Force, American Archives, 4th series, I. Under the supervision of William Lincoln the state of Massachusetts has also published The Journals of the Provincial Congress in 1774~1775 ( l838). On these congresses there is a good paper by Albion W. Small, The Beginnings of American Nationality {Johns Hopkins University Studies, VIII., Nos. 1, 2). On Lexington and Bunker Hill the most important work is Frothingham, The Siege of Boston (4th ed., 1873). See also Charles Francis Adams, "The Battle of Bunker Hill," in American Historical Revieiv, I., 401-413; the bibliographies in Winsor, Handbook, 26-59; and Narrative and Critical History, VI., 174 et seq.